The Life of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Edgar Allen Poe Writers Authors E

The Life of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a bizarre and often scary writer. sight throughouthistory have often wondered why his writings were so fantastically different andunusual. They were not the result of a diseased mind, as any(prenominal) think. Ratherthey came from a tense and miserable life. Edgar Allan Poe was not a happy man.He was a victim of fate from the moment he was born to his ending scarcely fortyyears later. He died alone and unappreciated. It is quite obvious that hislife affected his writings in a great way. In ready to understand why, thehistorical natural coveringground of Poe must be known. Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parentswere touring actors and both died before he was three years old. aft(prenominal) this, hewas taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant who actived inRichmond, Virginia.1 When he was six, he studied in England for five years.Not some(prenominal) else is known about his puerility, except that it was uneventful. In 1826, when Poe was seventeen years old he entered the University ofVirginia. It was also at this time that he was engaged to marry his childhoodsweetheart, Sarah Elmira Royster. He was a good student, but only stayed for ayear. He did not have enough money to make ends meet, so he ran up extremelylarge gambling debts to trying make more money. Then he could not afford to goto school anymore. John Allan refused to pay mop up Poes debts, and broke off hisengagement to Sarah Elmira Royster. Since Poe had no other means of support, heenlisted in the army. By this time however, he had written and printed hisfirst book, Tammerlane, and Minor Poems (1829).2 subsequently a few months though, John Allan and Poe were reconciled. Allanarranged for Poe to be released from the army and enrolled him at West Point.During this time, his fellow cadets helped him publish another book of poetry.However, John Allan again did not provide Poe with en ough money, and Poe decidedto leave this time before racking up any more debts Still, Poe had no money and necessity forced him to live with his aunt,Mrs. Clemm, in Baltimore, Maryland. None of his poetry had sold particularlywell, so he decided to write stories. He could find no publisher for hisstories, and so resorted to submission writing contests to make money and receiveexposure. He was rarely suc... ...fthe House of Usher what kills Roderick Usher is the sheer terror of his sisterwho appeared to have come back from the dead.According to Marie Bonaparte, one of Freuds friends and disciples, allthe disorders Poe suffered from can be explained by the Oedipus Complex and thetrauma he suffered when his mother died. The Oedipus Complex is best describedas a childs unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of theopposite sex. The desire includes jealousy toward the parent of the same sexand the unconscious wish for that parents death. In fact, upon examining thew omen in Poes stories, we find that they bear striking resemblance to themother that Poe never had.So one gets a glimpse at how Poes life, filled with insurmountableobstacles and full of disappointments, thus played a role in his writing. Agood comparison would be Vincent Van Gogh. He also endured hardship and died atan early age. Poe was only forty when he passed away. Insignificant in hislifetime, it was only after his death that he was appreciated. He is nowacclaimed as one of the greatest writers in American history. It is indeed apity that he will never know or care.

Atco Ghost of the Southern New Jersey Piney Barrens Essay -- Urban Leg

Atco Ghost of the Southern New Jersey longy BarrensThe sparsely populated towns and countryside of the Pine Barrens of Southern New Jersey have often been the ideal setting of various ghost stories, including the infamous tale of the Jersey Devil, that are t doddering in the more(prenominal) heavily populated Northern New Jersey and Philadelphia metropolitan regions. One of those Piney towns is home to a lesser-known, but equally interesting, tale of a street that is preoccupied by the ghost of a young boy. The story is set in the town of Atco, within Waterford Township, and is located approximately half-way between Philadelphia and Atlantic City, right in the heart of the Wharton State Forest section of the Pine Barrens National Reserve.The story was told to me by one of my high-school classmates, who is a resident of the town of Atco. The nineteen year old young troops is currently a sophomore at Clemson University and describes himself as being a Roman Catholic of half Itali an-American and half Irish-American decent. The young man as well as noted that he is normally very socially conservative and a staunch Republican. His father is employed as a general contractor and his mother runs her own catering company. He describes himself as a self proclaimed expert of all things related to the Atco Ghost. He cannot remember the specific project when he first heard the story, but stated that he can remember knowing most of the details to the story for most of his life. He also claims to have attempted to see the ghost on only one occasion and after what he saw, he refuses to ever go back to that surface area of town at night. The following is an almost word for word account, which he checked to ensure its accuracy, of the lengthy story as he retold it to me ... ...ker American urban Legends & Their Meanings. New York W. W. Norton, 1981.Case Studies Atco Ghost, Atco, NJ / Pleasant Mills Cemetery, Bastso, NJ. Accessed at http//www.sjpr.org/atcocem.h tml--A website from the South Jersey Paranormal Research group providing a detailed account of their escort in visiting the location of the Atco Ghost.Sceurman, Mark and Maron, Mark. Weird N.J. Your Travel Guide to New Jerseys Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. New York Barnes & Noble, 2003. Accessed at www.weirdnj.com--A magazine, with selected archives available online, that provides accounts of the various folklore and legends that comprise the New Jersey culture.www.theatcoghost.com--A site detailing directions on how to see the ghost with an accompanying message board in which individuals recount their own experiences of attempting to witness the ghost.

Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

flaming(a) MaryOften, the invoice of Bloody Mary is the first story of supernatural form that is told to many an(prenominal) individuals as young children. When I was in 3rd grade, a group of friends and I got together to have a sleepover natur eithery, we all went to my friends cellar and started telling scary stories. One of my friends told me that if I went into the bathroom without any shadowys and said Bloody Mary three times in front of a mirror, a farm animaly figure would appear. This urban legend was told by a nineteen year old woman at the University of atomic number 101 who is originally from West Point, bran-new York. She is currently a sophomore majoring in architecture. On the night of March 30, 2007, a group of friends and I got together in the 4th floor dawdle of LaPlata. In the midst of discussion, the topic of scary stories came up, and at about midnight, the teller started telling her version of Bloody Mary. She paused for a effect and started talk ing about the origins of the urban legend. She said that Bloody Mary is a reference to Mary Queen of sparing, a Scottish monarch. Apparently, Mary Queen of Scots would bathe in the blood of virgins in order to look young and vibrant. The storyteller said that virgins were viewed as being pure, so exposure to their blood would birth an individual look beautiful. The storyteller paused and said, Now its time to get to the good part. She said that an individual needs a candle, a lighter, a bleached room, and a mirror. An individual would motor the unlit candle and put it in front of the mirror with the lighter in his or her hand. The individual would spin just about while chanting Bloody Mary seven times. As soon as he or she finished, the individual would immediately turn to the mirror and light the candle. After the candle is lit, a figure with a bloody face would appear in the mirror and kill the individual As we all looked in awe, I asked her if she ever tried it, a nd she said that she was neer able to do it because she was too frightened. Even though many of her friends did it and came out alive, the storyteller said that she could never have the courage to do it because it was too scary for her.Urban Legend of Bloody Mary Urban Legends Ghost StoriesBloody MaryOften, the story of Bloody Mary is the first story of supernatural form that is told to many individuals as young children. When I was in 3rd grade, a group of friends and I got together to have a sleepover naturally, we all went to my friends basement and started telling scary stories. One of my friends told me that if I went into the bathroom without any lights and said Bloody Mary three times in front of a mirror, a bloody figure would appear. This urban legend was told by a nineteen year old woman at the University of Maryland who is originally from West Point, New York. She is currently a sophomore majoring in architecture. On the night of March 30, 2007, a group of frien ds and I got together in the 4th floor lounge of LaPlata. In the midst of discussion, the topic of scary stories came up, and at about midnight, the storyteller started telling her version of Bloody Mary. She paused for a moment and started talking about the origins of the urban legend. She said that Bloody Mary is a reference to Mary Queen of Scots, a Scottish monarch. Apparently, Mary Queen of Scots would bathe in the blood of virgins in order to look young and vibrant. The storyteller said that virgins were viewed as being pure, so exposure to their blood would make an individual look beautiful. The storyteller paused and said, Now its time to get to the good part. She said that an individual needs a candle, a lighter, a dark room, and a mirror. An individual would take the unlit candle and put it in front of the mirror with the lighter in his or her hand. The individual would spin around while chanting Bloody Mary seven times. As soon as he or she finished, the individ ual would immediately turn to the mirror and light the candle. After the candle is lit, a figure with a bloody face would appear in the mirror and kill the individual As we all looked in awe, I asked her if she ever tried it, and she said that she was never able to do it because she was too frightened. Even though many of her friends did it and came out alive, the storyteller said that she could never have the courage to do it because it was too scary for her.

Realism and Romanticism in A Midsummer Night’s Dream :: Midsummer Nights Dream

Realism and Romanticism in A Midsummer Nights hallucination   In A Midsummer Nights Dream, by William Shakespeare, love is viewed in different ways. While the four main characters believe in romanticism, Theseus is a strong supporter of realism.  Bottom proves to be quite accurate characterizing the four main lovers when he states, O what fools these mortals be..             Demetrius and Lysander both speak in figurative delivery and both are very handsome. Their love for Helena and Hermia deal mainly with physical attraction and flirtatious acts than love that captures body, mind, and soul. If any of the four characters posses anything of realistic love, it would be Hermia. She was willing to risk death in order to be with Lysander. This act of love goes beyond any other in this play, and demonstrates Hermias devotion to Lysander. My life-threatening Lysander, I swear to thee by Cupids strongest bow- Tomorrow truly will I mee t with thee (Act 1, Scene 1).             Helena is angiotensin converting enzyme of the silliest characters in the play, and at times can be quite irritating. Demetrius shows no love for her, yet she persists in chasing him. And even for that do I love you the more. I am your spaniel and, Demetrius, the more you beat me, I will fawn on you (Act 2, Scene 1). These characters are a true definition of love sick. All of them appear to be in love with love, more so than in love with each other. They all frantically run about, each changing partners so often that one is never really sure of who loves whom. Each consume themselves with what they consider to be real love to the point of losing touch completely with the real world. To them, love is a fairy tale which involves no reason. They all believe that falling in love involves nothing more than romantic speech and desire for each other.           &nb sp unconnected the four main lovers, Theseus, Duke of Athens, believes that men should never be out of touch with the real world. In short, he views the four lovers story as nothing merely an illusion concocted in their imaginations. The entire idea of being infatuated with ones lover to the point of losing touch with the real world is ludicrous to him. At first, Theseus love for Hippolyta may be viewed as cold, but once one realizes Theseus realistic and noble character, it is obvious that he strongly desires his bride.

The Nature of Logic and Perception Essay -- Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that sum up the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, figure likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Thus, lively thinking involves following evince where it leads considering all possibilities relying on reason rather than emotion being precise considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations weighing the effects of motives and biases being concerned to a greater extent with finding the truth than with being right not rejecting unpopular views out of hand being aware of ones own prejudices and biases, and not allowing them to sway ones judgment. The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate viewpoi nts, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or interrogation we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve. Critical thinking includes the ability to respond to material by distinguishing between facts and opinions or personal feelings, judgments and inferences, inductive and deductive arguments, and the objective and subjective. It also includes the ability to generate questions, constru...

The Nature of Logic and Perception Essay -- Critical Thinking

Critical idea is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the hazard of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelinesss, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Thus, critical thinking involves following evidence where it leads considering both possibilities relying on reason rather than emotion being precise considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations weighing the effects of motives and biases being concerned more with conclusion the truth than with being right not rejecting unpopular views out of hand being aware of ones own prejudices and biases, and not allowing them to sway ones judgment. The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate viewpoints, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we quest after in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve. Critical thinking includes the ability to respond to material by distinguishing between facts and opinions or personal feelings, judgments and inferences, inductive and deductive arguments, and the neutral and subjective. It also includes the ability to generate questions, constru...

Pharmacology; Clinical review assignment: Renal failure Essay

nephritic failure is an increasing concern in Australia, with over 54 people dying every day from kidney related disease. The incidence of this pathology has been shown to be growing, with the number of people on dialysis rising by 4% from 2010 to 2011 (National Kidney Foundation, 2013). It is estimated that approximately 1.7 million Australians over the age of 25 show signs of nephritic failure, either continuing or acute. Indigenous Australians are similarly four times more(prenominal) likely to die from renal failure than non-indigenous Australians (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Signs of renal failure frequently show themselves in the form of cut kidney function, proteinuria (protein in the pee) or haematuria ( gunstock in the urine). nephritic failure is a see to it involving the failure of the kidneys, or more precisely the nephrons within the kidneys. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, with approximately 1.5 million working to filter derivat ion of wastes and reabsorb piss and electrolytes necessary to take hold homeostasis (U.S. Patent No. 5,092,886A, 1992). Renal failure occurs when the kidneys fail to filter blood adequately, it is often undetected until late stage failure has occurred. There are deuce main(prenominal) forms of renal failure acute kidney disease and degenerative kidney disease, both with underlying pathologies (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013).Treatment for renal failure involves either dialysis filtering of the blood to remove metabolic wastes, or a kidney transplant, which is not a cure and requires permanent care and maintenance post-surgery. As of December 2012, 1080 people are postponement for a kidney transplant in Australia (Better Health Channel, 2013). It is beta for paramedics to recognise and understand the underlying pathology behind renal failure as the condition results in a wide range of secondary effects & has m some(prenominal) different presentations, with some as simp le as headaches and stomach pain pain in the kidney region, and more serious presentations such as metabolic acidosis (National Kidney Foundation, 2013).PathophysiologyAll 1.5 million nephrons in the kidney are working constantly to filterblood. The kidneys receive approximately 25% of cardiac output via the afferent arteriole, into the bowmans capsule which surrounds the glomerulus. The glomerulus is often described as a colander, as it is semi-permeable, unaccompanied allowing certain things to pass through it. The kidneys main functions are to filter the blood, but they also hurl many other functions, such as regulating acid/base and fluid/electrolyte balances, reabsorbing water and electrolytes and egest urine. In addition, the kidneys excrete metabolic waste products, including urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as foreign chemicals (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008).The kidneys also serve an endocrinological function, secreting rennin, the active form of vitamin D, and erythropo ietin. These endocrines are important in maintaining blood pressure, calcium metabolism, and the synthesis of erythrocytes, respectively. (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The progression of renal failure is often undetected, with renal function able to continue until 50% of the nephrons per kidney are destroyed. subsequently nephrons are destroyed they never regenerate (Tilgner, n.d.). Compensatory buffer mechanisms exist in the body to counterbalance the effects of renal disease. As the kidneys are responsible for water and electrolyte balance, shifts in solute concentrations due to nephron destruction can be seen. Isosthenuria, which is excretion of urine that has not been concentrated by the kidneys and therefore has the same osmolality/gravity as plasma, is the first clinical sign of impaired renal function.Water along with sodium is flushed from the body resulting in dehydration & an electrolyte imbalance (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). In a healthy body, the acid-base balance is maintained via buffers, breathing, and the amounts of acid or alkaline wastes in the urine this is because the daily load of endogenous acid is excreted into the urine with buffering compunds such as phosphates. (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). When the kidneys functions are impaired, a backlog of hydrogen (H+) ion occurs and the nephrons ability to excrete acid becomes inadequate. This results in ketoacidosis, a condition in which the bodys pH falls dangerously below its normal homeostatic range, commonly detected by the fruity scent of a patients breath which occurs due to acetone a direct byproduct of the spontaneous decomposition of acetoacetic acid (DiTomasso, Golden & Morris, 2010).Diagnostic toolsThe main ways of diagnosing renal failure include serum chemical science/blood tests, urinalysis and creatinine clearance tests. Serum chemistry is the analysis of blood, when diagnosing renal failure, changes in Sodium, chloride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, carbon dioxide, potas sium, phosphate, and calcium levels abide a useful tool to evaluate the degree of renal impairment and disease progression. (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The more or less important of these are creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, both of which are byproducts of protein metabolism which in healthy people is excreted in urine after filtration. In patients with renal failure the levels of createnine and BUN increase to toxic levels, indicating significant functional loss of the kidneys (Creatinine Levels and BUN, 2012).Urinalysis involves examining a patients urine sample, detecting protein, blood, determining osmolality and microscopic examination (Klatt & Georgia, 2013). The main indications of renal failure that urinalysis detects are hematuria and protienuria. hematuria is defined as the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It can be characterised as either gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic (visible only under the microscope) (Blood in the urine (Hematuria), 2013). Hematuria is commonly benign in younger age groups, with cases of patients less than 40 years old roughly always benign. In older age groups hematuria is seen as more serious, prompting medical investigation into the pathology to rule out other causes, such as infection or cancer, as many different types of cancers (bladder, kidney, prostate, urethral) also present with hematuria (American Urological Association, 2005).Proteinuria is another indication of renal failure, occurring when urine samples contain an majestic level of protein, or albumin, which is the main protein in the blood (National Institute of Health, 2010). Proteins are large molecules and should not pass through golmerular filtration. The upper limit of normal urinary protein is 150 mg per day patients who excrete 3g of protein per day carry a diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). A creatinine clearance test is another diagnostic tool apply to determine renal failure, focusing on the glomerula r filtration rate to determine the level of work renal nephrons. Creatinine is a metabolic by-product of creatine, which remains at a constant value in the urine.It is caused by breakdown of muscle tissue, and is 100% filtered by the glomerulus. No reabsorption of creatinine shouldoccur in normal functioning tubules within the nephron (National Institute of Health, 2010). This diagnostic test is done via collecting a urine and blood sample within 24 hours. In chronic renal failure and in some forms of acute disease, the GFR is lowerd below the normal range of 100 to 150 mL/min. Advancing age also diminishes the GFR, by approximately 1 mL/min every year after age 30 years. (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008).Acute vs. ChronicRenal failure potpourri is broken down into two different parts onset and location. Renal failure can be acute occurring within a timeframe of days to weeks, or chronic renal failure that develops slowly over years. The location of the failure is the second criteria, dete rmining the type of destruction within the nephron (pre-renal, renal, intrinsic or post-renal) (The Renal Association, 2012). Determining the type of renal failure is important as acute renal failure is mostly curable, whereas chronic renal failure is progressive tense and irreversible, often leading to death. Acute renal failure is characterised by the rapid loss of kidney function, occurring over a few days to weeks, causing azotemia, a condition where a build-up of nitrogenous wastes products occurs, causing metabolic acidosis (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008).It can be broken down into sections based on where the failure is occurring within the nephron. Pre-renal failure occurs due to a reduction in blood flow/renal perfusion to the kidneys, causing loss of function. The kidney remains undamaged in this condition, with the problem being based solely on blood flow. It is the most common type of acute renal failure and can occur as a secondary illness from almost any disease, condition or medicine that causes a decrease in the normal amount of blood and fluid in the body (WebMD, 2013). Post-renal failure is less common, and is caused by an thwarter of the flow of urine from the kidneys at any level of the urinary tract and that subsequently decreases the GFR (WebMD, 2013). It is most commonly caused by prostatic enlargement or cervical cancer, usually found in older males. Intrinsic renal failure is the final type of acute renal failure, occurring from direct damage/ wound to the kidneys.The most common types of intrinsic renal failure are acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) (WebMD, 2013). Causes of the decreased blood-flow/obstruction includesurgery, cardiovascular disease, direct trauma/impact to the kidneys, severe burns, severe muscle injury or severe physical exertion (WebMD, 2013). Chronic renal failure focuses around nephron destruction. Renal conditions such as glomerulonephritis affects the fil tration rate of the glomerulus, while polycystic kidney disease involves the failure of the renal tubules. Nephrosclerosis interferes with blood perfusion, but the most common diagnosis of chronic renal failure is diabetes mellitus, followed by hypertension, glomerulonephritis and others (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Although causes vary, each condition shares the common trend of irreversible nephron destruction.Application to paramedic formParamedics must be considerate of all patients with renal impairments. Prophylactic measures are often taken in renal patients, managing diet, fluid, electrolytes and calcium-phosphate balance, as well as dietary modifications to counterbalance the common difficulties renal patients have with hypertension, oedema and weight gain (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Emergency care workers should be weary to maintain a blood pressure lower than 130/85mmHg. Bleeding disorders and anaemia are common conditions patients with renal failure will suffer from. Haemorrhag ing and bruising are common. The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin has been shown to be effective int he short term management of bleeding in patients with renal failure (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008).Renal patients on dialysis should not have their intravenous injection site compromised by any medication an ALS paramedic may administer. Blood flow through the arm must not be blocked or obstructed, and as these patients are immunocompromised, efforts to avoid sources of infection must be made (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Pharmacotherapeutics is a serious concern for anyone treating a renal patient, as most drugs are excreted by kidney, and renal function affects drug bioavailability, the volume of drug distribution, drug metabolism and the rate of drug elimination. (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008).Drug sexually transmitted disease schedules must be altered according to the amount of residual renal function. Drugs that would normally be safe for most patients may be toxic in patients with renal failure. The plasma half-lives of medications that are normally eliminated in the urine are often prolonged in renal failure and are effectively reduced by dialysis. Even drugs that are metabolized by the liver can leadto increased toxicity because the diseased kidneys fail to excrete them effectively. Theoretically, a 50% decrease in creatinine clearance corresponds to a twofold increase in the elimination half-life of any medication excreted fully by the kidneys. (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008)Knowledge on the pharmacology on all ALS paramedic drugs must be known as certain drugs are nephrotoxic and should not be administered. The early information of signs of renal failure is important as mortality rates from acute renal failure (the most common type of renal failure) are high, remain constant over the past 40 years at approximately 40-70% (Fry & Farrington, 2006).ReferencesNational Kidney Foundation. (2013). Facts on CKD in Australia. Retrieved from http//www.kidney.org.au/Kidneydisease/Fast FactsonCKD/tabid/589/Default.aspxAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). National Aboriginal and Torres liberty chit Islander Health Survery Retrieved from http//www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs.nsf/mf/4715.0/Dobos-Hardy, M. (1992). U.S Patent No. 5,092,886A. Boston, Massachusetts. Patent Buddy.U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2013). Kidney Failure. Retrieved from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html Better Health Channel. (2013). Kidney Failure. Retrieved from http//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Kidney_failure. National Kidney Foundation. (2013). What are the risk factors for kidney disease? Retrieved from http//www.kidney.org.au/KidneyDisease/RiskFactorsandSymptoms/tabid/819/Default.aspx DeRossi, S. & Cohen, D. (2008). Renal disease. Burkets oral medicine, 11(2), 407- 427. Tilgner, S. (n.d.). Urinary Kidney support. Journal for the Clinical Practitioner, 10(3), 1-13. DiTomasso, A., Golden, A. & Morri s, J. (2010). Handbook of Cognitive-Be haviouralApproaches in Primary Care. New York, NY Springer Publishing Company. DOI 10.1037/O.0027784 Creatinine Levels and BUN. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.kidneyfailureweb.com/creatinine/ Blood in the urine (Hematuria). 2013. Retrieved from http//www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=113 Klatt, E., Georgia, S. (2013). Urinalysis. Retrieved from http//library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html WebMD. (2013). Prerenal Acute Renal Failure. Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/prerenal-acute-renal-failure American Urological Association. (2005) Hematuria. Retrieved from www.urologyhealth.org/content/moreinfo/hematuria.pdf National Institute of Health. (2010). Proteinuria. Retrieved from http//kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/proteinuria/ National Institute of Health. (2010). Creatinine Clearance. Retrieved from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htm The Renal Association. (2012). Acute Kidney Injury. Retrieved from https//ww w.clinicalkey.com/topics/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury.html Fry, A., Farrington, K. (2006). Management of acute renal failure. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(964), 106-116.

Ho Chi Minh- North Vietnam Leader

Ho qi Minh North Vietnam Leader Published Online July 25, 2006 Although the most visible symbol of Americas chief foeman in the Vietnam War, Ho khi Minh was still a difficult figure to hate. A frail and benign-looking old man in peasant garb or Mao jacket, the attracter of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam seemed perfectly described as Uncle Ho, an epithet bestowed upon him by friend and enemy alike. Indeed, he often seemed more symbol than substancea mere face on a poster, an intangible foe unreachable by modern means of warfare, an roughly mythical personification of the commie enemy.But Ho Chi Minh was the very real driving force without which the unified Vietnamese state would never start out been achieved. For more than 50 years, most of which he spent away from Southeast Asia, Ho worked single-mindedly to realize the end of French colonialism and the erection of a Vietnamese peopleal state. That determination, kind of than genius, was his hallmark as a leader. If the Vietnamese revolution produced a real genius, accordingly it was certainly Vo Nguyen Giap, a military leader who would have stood out in any army.Ho Chi Minh, however, was the essential man whose drive and determination focused the efforts of others and whose leadership excited the admiration and bear out of Vietnamese on twain sides of the 17th parallel. Details of Ho Chi Minhs life are vague, curiously so for such a prominent national leader. Every biography differs in some fundamental detail, offering the reader no certainty about the man. Ho Chi Minh himself is responsible for much of this, for he consciously distanced himself from his own recent and his own origins, choosing to identify with the revolutionary ideal rather than the old mandarin traditions.In his personal break with family and tradition, Ho set the example for the new nation he wished to create, a Vietnamese state unencumbered by the weight of a heritage that accepted foreign rule. Because he gave no particul ar giganticness to details of his life, Ho Chi Minhs date of birth and true name are in question. Most of what we know about the man can however be considered informed supposition. He was probably born Nguyen Van Thanh, the youngest son of three children of Nguyen Tat Sac, in Kim Lien Village of Nghe An Province in primordial Vietnam, on May 19, 1890.He attended the French lycee in Vinh between 1895 and 1905 when (depending upon the source) he was dismissed either for reasons of politics or poor grades. mingled with 1906 and 1910, he was a student in the noted Lycee Quoc Hoc in Hue, a school distinguished for its nationalist sentiments and one that produced other prominent figures in modern Vietnamese history among them Ngo Dinh Diem, Vo Nguyen Giap and Pham Van Dong. In 1910, again for reasons uncertain, he left the school without a degree and briefly taught in Phan-Thiet, a little town where, coincidentally, Ngo Dinh Diem also lived as provincial administrator some 20 years later.In 1911, Ho completed courses in a school for bakers in Saigon, and in 1912 took the name of Ba and accepted a job as a messboy on a French liner on the Saigon-Marseilles run. Bernard Fall, one of the earliest and most acute students of the Vietnamese revolution, regards this as the single critical decision of his life. When he turned to the West, Ho Chi Minh rejected the traditional conservative Vietnamese nationalist course of militarism and a mandarin society, and instead chose the course of republicanism, democracy and popular sovereignty.Meeting other Vietnamese nationalists in Paris, Ho found he could not accept their course of peaceful cooperation with the French, and sought another solution. After living in France for a time, Ho is said to have moved to London, where he was a cooks helper under Escoffier at the Carlton Hotel. During World War I, some sources insist, he moved to the coupled States, where he lived in Harlem. If true, this stick gave him background mate rial for his Pamphlet La Race Noire (1924), a tract bitterly critical of American capitalism and treatment of blacks.Sometime in 1917 or 1918, living now under the name of Nguyen Ai-Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot), he returned to France and earned his living retouching photographs in the XVIIth District of Paris. The great Peace Conference at Versailles in 1919 was the make for Hos formal entry into politics. Excited by the prospect of a peace based on President Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points especially the point concerning national self-rule of peoples Ho drafted a modest eight-point program for Vietnam and, renting a formal suit, sought an audience with leaders of the great powers.His proposals would not have meant independence for Vietnam, simply instead called for greater equity, more basic freedoms, and Vietnamese representation in the colonial political relation. Unable to gain a hearing at Versailles, Ho then chased the colonial question in the French Socialist ships company , of which he was a member. At the Party Congress at Tours on Christmas Day, 1920, Ho Chi Minh sided with the communistic wing of the party since the communistics advocated immediate independence for all colonial areas.He thus was a founding member of the French communist Party and became the partys leading expert on colonial matters. In 1920 and 21 he traveled throughout France, speaking to gatherings of Annamese soldiers and workers who were awaiting their return to Vietnam, doubtless earning some early converts to the nationalist cause, if not to the Communist one. The next half-dozen years were spent as the true Communist internationalist. Ho attended all of the early Comintern conferences, and became acquainted with the great figures of the Russian Communist Party, meeting Lenin probably in 1922.He lived in Moscow for several years in 1924 as a student at the Eastern Workers University. In 1925, Ho went to China with Michael Borodin and helped organize the Vietnam Revolutio nary Youth League, a training school for Indochinese students in Canton. That year saw the publication of his most important work, Le Proces de la Colonisation Francaise, a naive pamphlet that indicted the French colonial system. Despite its limitations, the tract became the handbook for Vietnamese nationalists and was widely distri furthered in Indochina.From 1925 to 1927, when Chiang Kai-shek broke with the Communists and Borodins group fled to Russia, Ho formed more than 200 carefully trained cadres of expatriate Vietnamese, whom he sent back to Indochina. Hos ruthlessness showed up in the formation of those cadres. If, at the completion of training, any of the men had second thoughts or displayed an unwillingness to obey Communist instructions, Ho simply leaked their names to the French officials in Indochina. The French promptly arrested the defecting cadres and probably paid their informant a reward.Ho was then killing two birds with one stone he rid himself of undependable n ationalists and gained funds for his movement. over the next few years, his wanderings are not well-documented. It is likely he returned to Europe as an agent of the Third International, some sources claiming that he lived in Berlin for a time. By 1929, he was living in Thailand, working within a large community of Vietnamese emigres. He traveled to Hong Kong in 1930, where he pulled the various Indochinese Communist movements together into one party. Briefly under arrest in Hong Kong, he surfaced in Moscow in 1934 as a student in the Lenin School.By 1938, he had returned to China and was serving as a radio operator with the Chinese Communist Eighth Route Army, eventually becoming political political commissar of a guerrilla training mission in Kwang-Si Province. In May of 1941, after 30 years abroad, Ho finally returned to Vietnam. He went to the town of Pac-Bo on the northern border, where the Central Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party was to hold its eighth meeting. At this meeting, the party created the Viet Minh, a front organization intended to draw the abet of Vietnamese who opposed the French, but were not yet Communists.Upon his return to China in early 1942, he was imprisoned by a Chinese warlord, but released in 1943 to gather information about the Japanese units in Indochina. It was then that he took the name Ho Chi Minh (He Who Enlightens), returned to the northern part of Vietnam, and devoted himself to running play the Viet Minh. Operating from the jungles of North Vietnam, Ho received aid from China and from the United States, fought the Japanese, and extended his influence throughout the area, building a firm infrastructure to support the Viet Minh.By May 1945, he had managed to liberate six provinces from the Japanese and moved to assume control of the government. The puppet emperor Bao Dai abdicated on August 19 and, with some(prenominal) the Japanese occupation government and the French colonial government in complete disarray , Hos National Liberation Committee proclaimed a provisional government with Ho Chi Minh as president. On September 2, Ho declared that the Vietnam Democratic Republic was an independent state and sought recognition from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China.The French, however, were determined to reestablish their colonial hegemony in Indochina. Talks with the French failed to produce a negotiated settlement, and French armed forces seized Haiphong and Langson in November 1946, initiating a war. Ho moved his government into the mountains of North Vietnam and began almost nine years of warfare, culminating in the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The state of war actually change Hos political problems. Vietnamese did not have to be Communist to join the fight against the French, and the ranks of the Viet Minh swelled with patriotic volunteers.Also, the real political opposition was easily suppress by declaring them to be traitors to Vietnam. By 19 54, Ho was the undisputed leader of the country. The Geneva Accords of 1954 provided for a national election in 1956 to determine the fate of Vietnam, an election Ho confidently expected to win, especially since the bulk of Vietnams population was in the North under his control. When the government of South Vietnam, which was not party to that portion of the agreement, refused to play into his hands, Ho created the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam and began the second phase of his war for a unified Vietnam.First, however, Ho ruthlessly consolidated his power in the North. Evidencing the point that behind his carefully constructed facade of the kindly and gentle Uncle Ho he was in reality (in Susan Sontags particularly descriptive words) a fascist with a human face, Ho massacred his countrymen by the thousands in a Soviet-style land reform campaign. In November 1956, when peasants in his home province protested, some 6,000 were murdered in cold blood. With such actions, H o proven he was a worthy contemporary of Lenin, Stalin and Mao Tse-tung, who had also built their empires with the blood of their countrymen.By the time of his death on September 3, 1969, Ho Chi Minh was generally spoken of in the same breath as Lenin and Mao Tse-tung. He had certainly led his native Communist Party through almost 40 years of success, creating a state where none had existed before and devising a Communist government to run it. He was a national leader with strong internationalist credentials, having served the Communist Party throughout Europe and Asia for more than 20 years before his return to Vietnam. He led a Communist Party unique in that it had never had a major purge or a major theoretical dispute.As a young Communist functionary, he avoided Stalins great purges of the 1920s and 30s. As a mature Communist leader, he steered a middle course between the Russians and Chinese in their great schism, offending neither and retaining the support of both. In sum, Ho C hi Minh was that great contradiction a dedicated Communist who was also a fervent nationalist. throughout his life he never lost sight of his goal of an independent Vietnamese state, and even as a Communist leader he pursued an essentially Vietnamese course, even when pure Communist theory might have dictated other choices.Yet there is no doubt that he was fully committed to the Communist ideal, that he accepted it completely in 1920, and that he never had second thoughts. Ho Chi Minhs Communist ideology was elastic enough to serve his purposes. In any case, he was never the doctrinaire, and always much more a political activist whose strong will was direct at the goal of the independence and unification of Vietnam. pic This article was written by Charles E. Kirkpatrick and originally published in the February 1990 issue of Vietnam Magazine. For more great articles be accredited to subscribe to Vietnam Magazine today

Self Confidence

egotism confidence is the ability to posses the absolute sureness of feeling that you are equal to the task at hand. If one is self-confident, that trait shines through the any(prenominal)one in everything they do, say, what they wear and how they look. People who redeem this desirable trait draw other(a)s around them in by their untouchable confidence. A confident person lav easily combat the hurdles of life and abide also influence others by their positive attitude and impressive personality. A confident person believes in themselves, does what they feel is right and is never afraid of failure. Self-confidence is extremely important in almost every aspect of our lives.The reason self confidence is so important is because out of confidence comes success. Proof of this is found in many instances. For example, it is proven that students who begin a test with confidence in themselves that they will win a desired goal have a better chance of doing-so opposed to those who begin a test with uncertainty. Another example is in the running(a) world. It is very unlikely for an insecure, unconfident person to be a CEO of a flourishing company. When hiring an employee for an important position, an employer looks for certain qualities and self confidence is one major one.Self confidence is a disease. Friends, family, and all race other people in touch with a person displaying confidence are likely to generate quasi(prenominal) self confident feelings. A confident person attracts friendships, but commands respect, too. 69% of women said that men possessing self confidence were 2 times more seductive than those lacking it. I believe that a self-confident man is aware of his imperfections but doesnt allow them to hinder him from being the best person that he can be. Alison Austin of Dayton, OH.For a psychology project, two high school boys decided to test out the correlation between self confidence and attraction. They planned for their experimentation to take pl ace at a school dance. They two boys of the same social status enter a dance circle. One danced uncomfortably and the other danced with self confidence. As they predicted, the boy who danced self-consciously gained little attention from the opposite sex. On the contrary, the other boy drew attention from several girls and even influenced some of the guys to dance less timidly. This is another form of proof one person with self confidence can send vibes from person to another.Everyone longs to be appreciated and well-liked by their peers. By having a self confident personality, it is easy for others to see your true self break through the surface. Although most self confident people are unaware of the effects of their confidence on their surroundings, self confidence forms the basis of everything in the world. Without confidence sports stars, celebrities, government officials, and other people of high elevation would never be where there are at today. Do you think Michael Phelps wou ld have broken records and acquired seven gold medals if he lacked the confidence in his own ability? Do you think President Obama would have been able to represent our country if he believed the critics and stopped speaking out? Do you think Lil Wayne would have pursued his career if he listened to the people who told him he had no talent? The answer is no. Without confidence, you are nothing.

Child Development: My Virtual Child Essay

My Virtual Child has been a fun and interesting experience. In order to raise a nipper a person has to be patient, calm, and hustling for any situation. Raising a virtual child prepares and gives you tips for the real world. However, this essay will discuss and compare how my virtual child and I are like by using specific examples while referring back to the child development concepts and research and also the similarities between my middle childhood and my childs and how it relates to the offspring of social relationships within the family.As I recall my middle adolescent years, I remember having small arguments with my mother over any and everything. The reason for this was because I believed I was able to think and do certain things on my own without anyones opinion. My middle adolescent years, when I was in middle school, was when I purview I was grown and becoming more commutative and often disagreed with my caregivers. I would argue with my mother over clothes in the shop ping mall, what chores I did and did not want to do, and about having a bedtime.I felt as if I had a say so since I was the person who thought of it or was red to do it, but at the sack of the day my mom and I always got along. This example of me also has some things in common with my virtual child and his behavior. Beginning at the age of twelve and continuing occasionally until the age of fourteen my child began arguing with me and my partner. Similar to what I would argue with my mom about.He argued with me about issues such as bedtime, chores, curfew, clothing choices, music choices, and much more. At the age of twelve and fourteen my child was discovering his own identity and becoming independent behaviorally and emotionally ( control & Cook, 2010). However, we still got along pretty well. These two examples of my virtual child and I are both related to the topic of teens developing autonomy and divergence with parents thats discussed more in depth in Cook & Cook (2010).The two examples of my virtual child and I are similar because the both of us were in the process of developing autonomy. Autonomy is the ability to think and do things on your own, control actions, and take responsibility for your own behavior (Cook & Cook 2010). Teens typically argue with their parents over things that occur every day. This is normal and teens feel that they contract the choice and option to do anything that they want. This is when conflicts occur because the development of autonomy is not to the full developed.Arguing with a parent about rules depends on how the teen view the problem especially if the teen see it as being personal (Cook & Cook 2010). My child and I both saw it as a problem when rules were enforced about chores, bedtime, and clothing choices. These things are seen as personal to teens because it involves them. I precious to wear what I chose to wear and not what my mom chose for me and this is related to my development of autonomy and the same goes for my virtual child. Dealing with teen-parent conflict is not as baffling that it may seem.Parents and teens having conflict with one another have positive outcomes such as development in identity, understanding others views, and improved reasoning (Cook & Cook 2010). Although parents and teens have conflict does not mean they hate each other. They actually have close relationships depending on the parenting style, like my mom and I and my child and I. These conflicts usually end when someone gives in or drops the situation. My child and I relate in many ways when it comes to this topic about teens developing autonomy.

Ryanair Case Study

Nova School of Business and Economics 2012/2013 DOGFIGHT OVER EUROPE RYANAIR Case Study This set of questions touch ons to Version (A) 1. Which kind of customers was Ryanair trying to draw and quarter when, in 1999, Michael OLeary took charge of the square? Those with a low hurt elasticity of demand or those with a high price elasticity of demand? Explain. conceptualiseing that we argon talking about the analogous product, in an industry with many firms, where producers and consumers know only quoted prices and where the consumers force out identify the product as homogeneous, it is fair to say that we be talking about a scenario close to perfect competition, thus demand for the product is very elastic. So, Ryanair is trying to attract high price elasticity customers.Accordingly to the member Ryanair marketed itself as the low fares air hose before open saucily routes, the companionship cared about low landing fees, low turnaround costs in devote to be able to charge low fares to customers it made agreements with secondary airports, where they did not kales fees (in fact those airports paid to Ryanair to use their locales) it tried that 70% of the available seats in the deuce lowest fare categories it made fewer restrictions on its tickets (important for who had extra bags, or who wants to change the flights in order to pay less) it observe competitors, so it would be able to apply a lower fare its customers were a mix of waste travelers (70-75%) and business travelers, almostly from small and mid-sized businesses (25-30%). ifferences in airfares could persuade some leisure travelers to visit one destination rather than another it has chosen the cost leadership so it seeks to be the lowest cost producer in atomic number 63 by selling standardized, mass products and Ryanairs profit maximization was through lower fares in order to attract more customers contrarily to competitors where they maximize their salary through find opportunities to sum up fares without losing customers. So accordingly to the customers with a high PED (price elasticity demand) following the formula (Q/P) x (P/Q) a little negative form in prices (decrease in fares), forget originate a big positive variation in the amount sold. 2. Why was cost cutting so innate for the strategy chosen? First of all it is important to refer that in 1991, Ryanair was facing a bankruptcy.In response, the company removed all frills from its service, cut its costs to the bone, and dropped its fares to levels unheard of in Europe. It became priority, to connect all the efforts to preserve and generate cash. Companys main concern was charge lower fares in order to attract high elasticity price demand customers, with this new strategy, the company became low-cost or low-fare airlines and to maintain it within these measures the firm needed to adapt its strategy to new restrictions, which means, cost cutting. The flag airline faced a really competitive market (in 1999), a nd to keep competitive the firm had to keep its strategy, and for that was necessary cost cutting. follow cutting, if it is efficiently done, brings more profits.Besides, using the model used in classes, Bertrand Asymmetric Model where it says that if certain firm charges P1 for its product, and other firm charges P1-e (because it is able to reduce its bare(a) cost), so the second firm will get all the demand. Well, Ryanair did not get all the demand, but is observable in Exhibit 4 that the company carried approximately 60% (353/575) and 56% (180/321) of the passengers on the route Dublin-Manchester and the route Dublin-Glasgow respectively. 3. Ryanair uses a performance-based pay system to compensate its flight attendants. Why? A performance-based defrayment scheme combines the interests of both flight attendants and the company. This happens because obviously, the flag airline will gain more if the attendants are working efficiently (making an effort to sell the snacks, drinks , or whatever they bring in on board being nice with the passengers, and help them as much they can), then if they are lazy during work. If a salesperson receives a fixed wage, no outcome how much it sells, then he or she will not have any incentive to sell more than the expected. But, of course, if they receive an extra centering for separately sale, then the salesperson will do the effort that it maximizes its utility. By having a higher effort, the workers have a higher payoff which maximizes its utility.A sector payment or an in-flight sales commission allowed flight attendants to earn 10% more than those from competitors and allowed the firm to fly to 50% more sectors than its rivals. Consequently, a higher number of flights increase the profits of Ryanair. The companys rapid growth permitted job mobility, for instance, a flight attendant could take a job at the yield trading operations management on the headquarters job mobility was a solution for the company to stay of f coordination problems. 4. Why wasnt this performance scheme also offered to maintenance personnel office? The majority of European airlines pay their employees based on the length of their tenure with the company. However, Ryanair only if applied this to their maintenance and engineering personnel.As a company obsessed with cash, the most important part of the business was the operational part, the one which actually gave money to the company flights and duty-free revenues. So, this was the only personnel where it was justifiable to apply a performance-based pay scheme. Engineering and maintenance were paid based on their formal qualifications more qualified personnel would do the job more accurately. Maintenance personnel only represented 9,34% of the total employees as of March 31, 1999. Besides the company concerns about security lets say that if they receive a fee for each plane that is fixed, they will want to fix the maximum planes, as fast as possible, and that may not b e the best for the passengers security.Its more important to seek personal with higher qualification, and pay them a reasonable (but fixed) salary, because this is kind of business where mistakes cannot happen, and so, the personnel has to be focus in its work, and not in the extra money. 5. Can you suggest means of rewarding maintenance personnel that would induce high productivity without hindering Ryanairs strategy? Ryanairs strategy is keep low fares so it will be able to keep fiercely competitive and ferociously cost certain, which implies, minimize costs (everywhere where it is possible), so increase their salaries would hurt the companys strategy. Given this, it would be a good idea to search for some non-monetary alternatives.First of all give them some lectures about how important is to do a good maintenance of the aircraft, aware them that a single mistake can be inglorious for hundreds of people (unless they are murderers or mentally sick people they will get alert ). T hey can make promises to them in the long-run like if thither are no mistakes, Ryanairs credibility increases, and that will attract more passengers, which means more revenues, which means they can increase wages (and keep the same profit). Monitoring them is a good way of keep the high productivity, this measure leads to an increase in veracity of the employees reports, in other words, if an employee knows that he or she is being watched, then it will for sure do a better job.The creation of bureaucracy that implies the creation of rules in order to limit the employees actions, these rules can be benefit for the maintenance workers, for example, the creation of a rule that says it is mandatory to do a 15 minutes break, every two hours. 6. What are the likely consequences for Ryanair of a steep decrease in the price of jet fuel brought about by a significant decline in the price of oil? Consider both the charge and the strategic effect. All the airline companies are strategic compl ements, which mean that if one firm takes one action, the others will respond with aggressively actions (upward sloping). And they express tough commitment, in other words, is a commitment that is going to have an adverse effect on the competitors.In Bertrand (this case), the company makes a tough commitment, no matter how much its rival changes the price, the firms price will be lower than it would have been if there were no commitment. The companies make tough commitment to avoid that new entrants increase the price competition. Given this, we built the following graph The red line stands for direct effect and the blue line stands for substitution effect. The direct effect is the commitments impact on the present value of the firms profits, assuming that the competitors behavior does not change. Applying to the case is basically the profits that all the others airline companies would earn if Ryanair would not decrease its prices as well (point 1 to point 2).The substitution effec t takes into account the competitive side cause of the commitment, this means, how much does the tactical decisions of the rivals change, under the commitment conditions. Basically is the adjustment made by Ryanair after the competitors decrease their prices (point 2 to point 3). Decline in the price of oil, brings a decrease in the price of jet fuel. With this shock, all the airline companies will decrease their prices, P1*. As it was said before, Ryanair always observes its competitors, and then make its move, so they will decrease their tickets prices even more, P2*(one of the principals of tough commitment). As it says in exhibit 2, fuel oil constitutes approximately 16% of its costs (6. 0/37. ), so contempt it is not visible on the graph (due to lack of data related to prices), the prices of the flights tickets will decrease considerable, because (repeat) this is a really competitive market, and the airline companies find themselves in a tough commitment, that it will origin ate a decline even bigger that the one it would happen without though commitment. It is important to refer that the companys product has a low-level of horizontal differentiation because the difference between the products of each one of the companies is based on the quality in the in-flight zone. And there are tons of people who simply do not care about that.For those ones, their only concern is to get to their destination. 7. What are the most effective threats that Ryanair faces? Explain your perspective. Europe Unions measure Under the package, carriers were given full freedom to set fares. Any company was allowed to start an airline provided that it had majority European ownership, adequate financial backing, and the ability to meet safety requirements. The package permitted any European airline to fly any route between two EU countries and, starting in 1997, any intra-country route between two European cities. This measure means no patents system, which means that as long as there is positive profit, other companies will enter in the market.Without proper cautions this may lead to perfect competition, where the companies will lower their prices until it equals the marginal cost, which implies that the profit will be zero. Even worse than that is if Ryanair adheres to a new technology (in order to decrease its marginal cost), and if we are in a situation where the other companies can copy and use the technology discovered by Ryanair, the company will have negative profits. Contrarily if the competitors are able to decrease its marginal cost, and the antitrust agencies that may lead to monopoly (if there is a patented system that says that is illegal to copy and use technology of others firms). Possible merges by competitors, which would increase their market share. For example, in 2002, easyJet purchased Go for ? 374m.Ryanair may face laws taken by the antitrust agencies that may limit its actions, for example the use of dumping strategy (monopolistic strategy where the firm sells its products below their production cost in order to eliminate competition, and when it occurs, the firm increase its prices again). Ryanair has faced aggressive marketing campaigns and charity efforts by Virgin Express, subcontracts and dependableness on third parties (lower costs), total direct selling and a very informal environment by easyJet, predatory pricing by British Airways Go and in-flight entertainment and comfort by Debonair. The last one went bankrupt but all the others provide serious competition to Ryanair despite not achieving the profitable results desired.

“Letter from Birmingham Jail” rhetorical analysis Essay

How does the choice of words of a literary work help to convey the writers message? Is there a specific way it helps the author persuade you? Martin Luther world-beater Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail displays many forms of rhetorical strategies, language, and diction in order to help convey his message of unjust or just laws. The diction in this literary work is very important in aiding might to help convey his message. By allurementing to pathos a lot, he creates a feeling of hope and despair for the reader to choose which is more prominent in the lives of African Americans.King wrote the Letter in response to the eight clergymen from Alabama who called his actions untimely and unwise. When he explains the reasons for him being in jail, King uses the argument that this injustice that was in Birmingham was everywhere and that people needed to do something somewhat it. Kings diction, historical and biblical allusions, and rhetorical questions compose his silvern diction in Let ter that helps him show the importance non-violently fighting for rights.King used many historical allusions to exemplify his reasoning for the rights of his people. Similar to the beliefs of Thoreau, human laws whitethorn sometimes contradict the most basic rights condition to man by a higher being. King supported his argument by stating, We should never leave that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was legal and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was illegal. (210). These laws passed in Germany were man-made laws that contradicted higher laws and peoples religions. Even though the concentration camps were horrible and disgusting acts forced on the Jewish people, they cant be condemned, leg coadjutor, because they did not come into conflict with Germanys laws. This example helped to show how the legality of an act can often be a threat to the lives of many people. By doing this, King forces the reader to consider which laws in their lives, whether they re alize the seriousness of them, may be infringing on the basic rights of man.Kings use of religious figures shows the divinity of his position and alsoappeals to pathos. Religion during this time was present in the lives of those who were being oppressed and were not being given their most basic rights. King was a minister who believed that the union that we are in with God should supersede any unjust laws that we feel are despotic of our rights. He says, Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co-workers with God, and without his hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. (212).Here, King is deed of conveyanceing that we need to fool faith in life and in the decisions we make. If anything is to be done about the conditions we are in, it is to be done through God and all that he does for us. Therefore, we must go through God in order to get the basic rights that we are wort hy of. Also, by referencing deliverer a number of times in Letter, King appeals to pathos because it relates the most important person in many peoples religions and shows how he was a peaceful negotiator. This gave stability to the non-violent approach of the Civil Rights Movement.The use of rhetorical questions throughout Kings Letter are included to make the readers think about the reality of their bureau. This simple method is very useful in this literary work because their location help to convey the seriousness of the situation to the reader. He supports his claim by saying, Are you able to accept blows without retaliating? (205). He uses many rhetorical questions like this to help make the reader think about the reality of the situation they are in. The use of this rhetorical strategy is very effective because it reveals an inevitable truth to the reader that must be interpreted by them. King explains his briny concepts very clearly to help extend his position to the clergyme n and make them see his claims.In conclusion, Kings use of rhetorical questions, historical and biblical allusions, and appeal to pathos help him to amplify the seriousness of the oppression of his people. His rhetorical strategies used were very effective to the clergymen and many others who have had the opportunity to read it. It helps King today state his argument so that his position is clearly stated and understood throughout the entirety of the essay. He uses very eloquent diction and rhetorical strategies to necktie his main ideas togetherand give him strong areas of support.Without the use of these strategies and many more found in the letter, Kings argument may not have been as strong as it is. By giving us specific examples of just and unjust, combined with the power of his diction, King is able to convey a all-powerful message about what he believes in. His historical and biblical allusions appeal to pathos and ethos by giving strong support to the examples that he had previously mentioned. So, we must understand and take note of Kings diction in order to prevent any human laws from coming into conflict with higher laws, we need to annul those unjust laws and only follow those basic human laws given to us a birth.Works CitedKing Jr., Martin Luther, Letter from Birmingham Jail. 50 Essay A Portable Anthology. 4th Edition. Boston Bedfort/St. Martins, 2011. 203-217 (Print).

Fool Chapter 8

EIGHTA wrestle FROM FUCKING FRANCEHunter was right, of course, he wasnt able to feed Lears train. We imposed on villages a capacious the way for get along with and quarter, just north of Leeds the villages had suffe redness bad harvests and they could non bear our appetites without starving themselves. I tried to foster full cheer among the k nights, while keeping distance from Lear I had non forgiven the old man for disowning my Cordelia and move away Drool. Secretly I relished the soldiers complaints about their lack of comfort, and do no real effort to conk out their rising resentment for the old king.On the fifteenth day of our march, out office of Lint-upon-Tweed, they ate my horse.Rose, Rose, Rose would a horse by any other chance on taste so sweet? the knights chanted. They thought themselves clalways, hurtle such jests while spraying roasted microchips of my mount from their greasy lips.The dull always witnessk to be clever at the seagulls expense, to roundho w repay him for his cutting wit, besides never be they clever, and often are they cruel. Which is why I may never own things, never care for anyone, nor show desire for anything, lest some ruffian, thinking he is funny, take it away. I have secret desires, deprivations, and dreams, though. Jones is a fine foil, but I should the likes of someday to own a monkey. I would dress him in a tiny jesters suit, of red silk, I think. I would call him Jeff, and he would have his own scepter, that would be called Tiny Jeff. Yes, I should very a swell deal like a monkey. He would be my friend and it would be forbidden to murder, banish, or polish off him. Foolish dreams?We were met at the gate of Castle capital of New York by Gonerils ste struggled, adviser, and chief toady, that intimately pernicious twat, Oswald. Id had transaction with the rodent-faced muck-sucker when he was but a footman at the egg white Tower, when Goneril was still princess at court, and I, a humble jongleur, w as piece wandering naked amid her royal orbs. But that tale is best left for another time, the scoundrel at the gate impedes our progress.Spidery in appearance as well as disposition, Oswald lurks even when in the open, lurking beingness his natural state of locomotion. A fine black fuzz he wears for a beard, the same is on his steer, when his blue tartan tam is humbled at his heart, which it was not that day. He neither subscribed his hat nor bowed as Lear approached.The old king was not pleased. He stopped the train an arrow-shot from the fortification and waved me forward.Pocket, go see what he wants, express Lear. And ask why there is no fanfare for my arrival.But nuncle,24 utter I. Shouldnt the captain of the make be the one Go on, fool A point is to be made about respect. I send a fool to meet this rascal and put him in his place. free no dashs, remind the dog that he is a dog.Aye, majesty. I rolled my eyes at tribal chief Curan, who al more or less laughed, and t hen stopped himself, seeing that the kings anger was real.I pulled Jones from my satchel and sallied forth, my jaw set, as determined as the prow of a warship.Hail, Castle capital of New York, I called. Hail, Albany. Hail, Goneril.Oswald verbalise nothing, did not so much as remove his hat. He looked past me to the king, even when I was standing an arms length from him.I say King of damn Britain here, Oswald. Id suggest you pay proper respect.Ill not lower myself to speak with a fool.Primping little slit wanker, innit he? said the puppet Jones.Aye, said I. Then I spotted a guard in the barbican, looking cut down on us. Hail, Capn, seems someones emptied a privy on your drawbridge and the steaming pile blocks our way.The guard laughed. Oswald fumed.Mlady has instructed me to instruct you that her fathers knights are not welcome in the castle.That so? Shes actually talking to you, then?Ill not have an exchange with an impudent fool.Hes not impudent, said Jones. With proper inspir ation, the lad sports a woody as stout as a mooring pin. Ask your lady.I nodded in agreement with the puppet, for he is most wise for having a brain of sawdust.Impudent Impudent Not impotent Oswald frothing a bit now.Oh, well, why didnt you say so, said Jones. Yes, hes that.To be sure, said I.Aye, said Jones.Aye, said I.The kings rabble shall not be permitted in the castle.Aye. That so, Oswald? I reached up and patted his cheek. You should have ordered trumpets and rose petals scattered on our path. I turned and waved the advance to the train, Curan spurred his horse and the column galloped forward. Now get off the bridge or be trampled, you rat-faced little twat.I strode past Oswald into the castle, pumping Jones in the air as if I was leading cadence for war drummers. I think I should have been a diplomat.As Lear rode by he clouted Oswald on the head with his sheathed sword, knocking the unctuous steward into the moat. I felt my anger for the old man lose a notch.Kent, his disgu ise now completed by nearly three weeks of hunger and living in the outdoors, fell in behind the train as I had instructed. He looked lean and leathery now, more like an older version of Hunter than the old, overfed knight he had been at the White Tower. I stood to the side of the gate as the column entered and nodded to him as he passed.Im hungry, Pocket. All I had to eat yesterday was an owl.Perfect fare for witch finding, methinks. Youre with me to Great Birnam Wood tonight, then?After supper.Aye. If Goneril doesnt poison the lot of us.Ah, Goneril, Goneril, Goneril like a distant love chant is her name. Not that it doesnt summon memories of burning urination and putrid discharge, but what romance worth the memory is devoid of the bittersweet?When I first met her, Goneril was but seventeen, and although betrothed to Albany from the age of twelve, she had never seen him. A curious, round-bottomed girl, she had spent her entire life in and rough the White Tower, and shed develope d a colossal appetite for knowledge of the outdoor(a) world, which somehow she thought she could sate by grilling a humble fool. It started on odd afternoons, when she would call me to her chambers, and with her ladies-in-waiting in attendance, ask me all manner of questions her tutors had refused to answer.Lady, said I, I am but a fool. Shouldnt you ask someone with position?Mother is bushed(p) and Father treats us like porcelain dolls. Everyone else is afraid to speak. You are my fool, it is your duty to speak truth to power.Impeccable logic, lady, but truth be told, Im here as fool to the little princess. I was new to the castle, and did not want to be held accountable for telling Goneril something that the king didnt wish her to know.Well, Cordelia is having her nap, so until she wakes you are my fool. I so rewrite it.The ladies clapped at the royal decree.Again, irrefutable logic, said I to the thick but comely princess. Proceed.Pocket, you have traveled the land, tell me, w hat is it like to be a peasant?Well, milady, Ive never been a peasant, strictly speaking, but for the most part, Im told its wake early, work hard, suffer hunger, catch the raise, and die. Then get up the next morning and do it all again.Every day?Well, if youre a Christian on Sunday you get up early, go to church, suffer hunger until you have a big meal of barley and swill, then catch the plague and die.Hunger? Is that why they seem so wretched and unhappy?That would be one of the reasons. But theres much to be said for hard work, disease, run-of-the-mill suffering, and the odd witch burning or virgin sacrifice, depending on your faith.If they are hungry, why dont they just eat something?That is an excellent idea, milady. Someone should suggest that.Oh, I shall make a most excellent duchess, I think. The people will praise me for my wisdom.Most certainly, milady, said I. Your father wed his sister, then, did he, love?Heavens no, mother was a Belgian princess, why do you ask?Hera ldry is my hobby, go on. once we were inside the main curtain wall25 of Castle Albany, it was clear that we would go no farther. The main keep of the castle stood behind yet another curtain wall and had its own drawbridge, over a dry toss rather than a moat. The bridge was lowering even as the king approached. Goneril walked out on the drawbridge unaccompanied, wearing a gown of green velvet, laced a bit too tightly. If the intent was to decrease the rise of her bosom it failed miserably, and brought gasps and guffaws from several of the knights until Curan raise his hand for silence.Father, welcome to Albany, said Goneril. All hail good king and loving father.She held out her arms and the anger drained from Lears face. He climbed down from his horse. I scampered to the kings side and steadied him. Captain Curan signaled and the rest of the train dismounted.As I straightened Lears cape about his shoulders, I caught Gonerils eye. bemused you, pumpkin.Knave, said she under her brea th.She was always the most fair of the three, I said to Lear. And certainly the most wise.My overlord means to accidentally hang your fool, Father.Ah, well, if accident, theres no fault but Fate, said I with a smiling pert and nimble spirit of mirth that I am. But call then for a refreshful of Fates fickle bottom and hit it good, lady. I winked and smacked the horses rump.Wits arrow hit and Goneril blushed. Ill see you hit, you wicked little dog. passable of that, said Lear. Leave the boy alone. Come give your father a hug.Jones barked enthusiastically and chanted, A fool must hit it. A fool must hit it, hit it good. The puppet knows a ladys weakness.Father, said she, Im afraid weve accommodation only for you in the castle. Your knights and others will have to make do in the out bailey.26 Weve quarters and food for them by the stables.But what about my fool?Your fool can sleep in the stable with the rest of the rabble.So be it. Lear let his eldest lead him into the castle like a milk cow by the nose ring.She truly loathes you, doesnt she? said Kent. He was busy wrapping himself slightly a pork shoulder the size of a toddler his Welsh accent actually sound more natural through the grease and gristle than when clear.Not to worry, lad, said Curan, who had joined us by our fire. Well not let Albany hang you. Will we, lads?Soldiers all around us cheered, not sure what they were cheering for, beyond the fact that they were enjoying the first full meal with ale that theyd had since leaving the White Tower. A dwarfish village was housed inside the bailey and some of the knights were already wandering off in search of an alehouse and a whore. We were outside the castle, but at least we were out of the wind, and we could sleep in the stables, which the pages and squires had mucked out on our arrival.But if were not welcome in the great hall, then they are not welcome to the talents of the kings fool, said Curan. Sing us a song, Pocket.A cheer went up around the camp Sing Sing SingKent raised an eyebrow. Go ahead, lad, your witches will wait.I am what I am. I drained my flagon of ale, set it by the fire, then whistled loudly, jumped up, did three somersaults and laid out into a bear-flip, wherefrom I landed with Jones pointed at the moon, and said, A ballad, then?Aye came the cheer.And ever so sweetly, I crooned the lilting love song Shall I Shag My Lady Upon the Shire? I followed that with a bit of a narrative song by way of a troubadour usance The Hanging of Willie Wagging William. Well, everyone likes a story after supper, and by the one-eyed balls of the Cyclops, that one got them clapping, so I slowed it down a bit with the solemn ballad, Dragon Spooge Befouled My Bonny Bonny Lass. Bloody inconsiderate to conk a train of fighting men fighting back tears, so I danced my way around the camp while singing the shanty Alehouse Lilly (Shell Bonk You Silly).I was about to say good night and head out when Curan called for silence and a roa d-worn herald wearing a great golden fleur-delis on his chest entered the camp. He unrolled his scroll and read.Hear ye, hear ye. Let it be known that King Philip the 27th of France is dead. God rest his soul. Long live France. Long live the kingNo one long lived the king back at him and he seemed disappointed. Although one knight did murmur So? and another, Good blinking(a) riddance.Well, you British pig dogs, Prince Jeff is now king, said the herald.We all looked at each other and shrugged.And Princess Cordelia of Britain is now magnate of France, the herald added, rather huffy now.Oh, said many, realizing at last at least a glancing relevance.Jeff? said I. The bloody frog prince is called Jeff? I strode to the herald and snatched the scroll out of his hand. He tried to take it back and I clouted him with Jones.Calm, lad, said Kent, taking the scroll from me and handing it back to the herald. Merci, said he to the messenger.He took my bloody princess and my monkeys name said I, taking another swing with Jones, which missed its mark as Kent was dragging me away.You should be pleased, said Kent. Your lady is the Queen of France.And dont think shes not going to rub my nose in that when I see her.Come, lad, lets go find your witches. Well want to be back by morning in time for Albany to accidentally hang you.Oh, shed like that, wouldnt she?

A Letter from Ponyboy

Greetings to you How argon you, older companion? Its been quite a spot since I sent you a letter. My mistake. Sorry for that. Ive been spry for the last few weeks here insane Diego. My study is eating up most of my clock. Right now, we are approaching already the finals week.A lot of requirements are already on my list. precisely dont you deal brother, I am okay. I manage to keep healthy and strong despite the conflicts of time in my part-time job and schooling. And speaking of work, I hurl some good intelligence information for you. The manager of the nutrition chain I am working at was impressed by my dedication to my job. In fact, I was chosen to be the crew of the month.Because of that, I got an additional compensation in my salary. Not too big, simply large enough to spend for my thesis. It was a big help since I badly needed to make out my thesis as the final submission of it is nearing. Of course, I have to graduate this semester. That was my promise to you, right? take overt worry, Darry. All of your spending for my schooling will finally come to an end. A month from now, I will be called Lawyer Ponyboy Curtis. However, I will not be able to reach this lieu if not because of you.Thank you so much, Darry. I really appreciate all the things you have done and sacrificed for me. I realise that you dont want to marry your fiance Lindsay until I havent finished my studies. But I told you for several times that you dont need to do that. You dont have to sacrifice your own happiness only if for my sake. I can manage myself now. I am a man now.Being thirty years old is no longer young. But what did you do? You still insisted to salary half of my tuition. I told you to keep them for yourself and for your future. You, too, are no longer young. You must build a family of your own, just like what Sodapop did. Youre such a stubborn. No wonder why they called you Superman back then. Youre such a strong-willed person. But no matter how strong-willed you are, you must promise me that subsequently my graduation, you will take care of your personal life.By the way, hows work after being promoted as headman lieutenant of the Oklahoma Police Department? Doing well? Hows peace and security there? You screw what, Im very happy with your current situation, actually, with the situations of us threeyou, Sodapop, and I. After the long facerothal between the Socs and the greasers, I was glad that you decided to study and be a cop.I havent told you this, except I want you to know now that you are my greatest idol. When I saw how you managed to study while working, I admire you. Aside from that, you managed to raise me and Sodapop well after that horrible loss of our parents. Thank you for that.Whats up with Sodapop, by the way? Have the two of you seen each other lately? I had the panorama to meet him personally last month after he visited his in-laws here in California. I too had the chance to meet the kids. Oh, Paul was so cute.Hes s o like Sodapopcharming and good-looking. I bet when he grows up, he will be a Sodapop the Second. And have you heard about the good news? Sandy is three- month old pregnant Boy, you should see the happiness in their eyesa effigy of a complete and a happy family. Aside from that, Sodapop is planning to put up a weapon system of their bookstore here in San Diego. Looks like he and Sandy are meant for business.I really wanted to be with you now, Darry. How I miss my adolescent days. Right after my graduation, I will spend some time with you. You take care of yourself. Until next time.Your younger brother,Ponyboys

Motor Learning and Coaching Notes Essay

The study of relativity permanent changes in motor skills and capabilities that come with practice or experience. This includes Investigating how elite athletes become experts perusing the best way for a teacher or coach to structure a practice purlieu for maximal potential Methods of practicing motor skills oHow often oHow long oGroup size oEquipment What is a Skill? A compound movement or sequence of movements, which are smooth and coordinated. These movements dont require conscious suasion and have predetermined results.A learned skill is one that can be repeated. A public presentation may be a fluke and is only performed once. Motor Skill physical skills that require frame movement and rely on motor control Classification of a Skill Based on Where- the environment of the skill Closed predictable, constant environment Work at own pace- internally paced counter/ repetition of same skill Examples swimming in a pool, archery, shooting Open Changing environment Pace dependant on other people/ factorsDetecting stimuli Deciding Processing Acting Responding appropriately Evaluating Feedback Cues A stimulus perception In learning used to obtain information to perform and change Used in the demonstration and explaination of a skill by a coach Can be both internal and external Sight, hearing, and propreoceptive cues are most used

Fat Tax is the Best Possible Solution to Fight Growing Obesity and Depression Essay

The change magnitude in the consumption of junk nourishment across the nut has been causing serious concern to all who argon aware of its negative effects, such(prenominal) as fleshiness and depression, which are considered as the initiator of many serious complaints like heart disease. While the research findings hire clearly linked junk nourishment with the rising rate of heart disease among teenagers (Cohen, 2000) nearly a decade ago, the business of junk food is only increasing and now it has become a rage among teenagers and is getting into their eat habits, which would be hard to break in later years.An another(prenominal) recent shoot in US has linked childhood corpulency to junk food advertizing (Sharma, 2008), which too seems to be a matter of serious concern, as a large number of TV viewers are either children or teenagers. There are many other studies too that clinically explain closely how obesity and depression caused by eating junk food, and there are orga nizations too, which are working towards attracting the fear of all regarding the negative effects of junk food.However, in spite of all that, the business of junk food is only increasing in volumes, and consequently, count slight children and teenagers, who are the future governors of the society are becoming victims of obesity and depression due to excessive consumption of junk-food.Therefore the gloominess of the situation is definitely no less than the danger associated with smoking or drinking, which are officially considered as injurious to health and whose producers contain to profit taxes. There is another philosophy works behind it that high price of cigarette or other tobacco products or hard drinks would keep them beyond the buying power of the children who generally use their pocket capital for fancy spending.However, there is no such price regulation in the business of junk-food, and children basis slowly afford them with their pocket money. This situation invar iably invokes the arguments like why fat tax should not be imposed on junk food to regulate its consumption among all, especially among children, or if cigarette and liquor are considered dangerous to health and are kept below taxation, then why junk-food too should not be treated with same alacrity, as it is proving no less dangerous than tobacco and alcohol?Therefore, the gravity of the situation has influenced this study to examine the impact of junk food on the humans, and especially on the children and teenagers by reviewing the study and observations of the researchers on obesity and depression, before persuading its readers to raise their voices in favor of introducing fat tax on junk food for the sake of saving the future of human civilization.Impact of ObesityObesity can cause several diseases, which can be fatal, besides being barrier to normal, healthy life. The risk factors associated with it dupet as yet spare children or teenagers, and that makes obesity as a danger ous carrier of diseases. concord to the researchers Visscher and Seidell (2001), the increase in obesity across the globe will piddle significant contribution in the following diseases Cardiovascular disease Type 2 diabetes mellitus Cancer Osteoarthritis Work Disability stay apneaAlongside they issue caution that disability due to obesity-related cardiovascular diseases will increase along with an increase in disabling nephropathy, arteriosclerosis, neuropathy, and retinopathy particularly in industrialized countries. They also observe that prevention programs on obesity would be effective than weight loss program, while adding that there is very few prevention programs have been developed so far and implementation of more such programs should be one of the major scientific and political agendas among both industrialized and industrializing countries.Connection between Junk Food and ObesityIt would be even more frustrating if someone reviews the role of junk food in developing ob esity amid such observations and recommendations of the researchers. The researchers at the Pacific Health Education Center in Bakersfield, California, and Prevention Concepts, Inc., in Los Angeles, who evaluated the dietary habits and cardiac risk profiles of above 200 high school students in as early as 2000, provided a gloomy picture about the state of health of the then children, where one-third of them seeed abnormally high cholesterin levels and one in 10 students were found suffering from systolic hypertension, which is a form of high line of business pressure (Cohen, 2000).Not only that, the report issued alarm on the possible rise of heart disease among the teenagers with thickening artery walls. The researchers also identified two causes behind the increase in the trend of forming eating habits with junk food, like teen attitudes and lack of government funding to counter attack the powerful advertising campaign of junk food, which heavily influences the attitudes of chil dren and the teens.The current research on the effect of junk-food advertising on children and teenagers (Sharma, 2008) not only supports the earlier works on this field, but also directly links advertising to childhood obesity. In a study conducted by National Bureau of Economic Research clearly show a link between childhood obesity and fast food advertisements aired on American TV world. This inference is backed by the data found on the television habits of around 13,000 children finished two national surveys conducted in 1979 and in 1997.The study also found that the ban on such advertisement would lower the number of obese children (belonging to 3-11 year age group) and teenagers (belonging to 12-18 years group) by 18 percent and 14 percent respectively. They study also reveals the bad news like 22 million children under age of five are estimated to be overweight and more than 9 million children in US are overweight, 25 percent American children below 10 years have high choles terin and high blood pressure, along with other precursors of heart disease.However, it also presents good news that the countries like Sweden, Norway, Finland and UK have already banned junk-food advertisements in their televisions. This shows, that a general awareness regarding the deadly effects of junk food has been spreading.

Exploiting the Network: Synergy, Product Placement

The media industries stick out a suggestive and coercive power on society, embodied within the artifacts, images, and brands we consume. As these industries diversify, so do the crossings and the avenues in which they are shootered. synergy allows corporations the power to maximize advertising with a variety of cross-market promotional mechanisms, proliferating their products or logos exponentially. Initially, this evidence requires an explanation of the use of synergy and cross-market advertising.Subsequently, I will illustrate how television shows such as jukeboxs SpongeBob SquarePants and MTVs The Osbournes and Total Live Request (TRL), use the vast internal synergetic earnings of their parent comp whatsoever Viacom. Such programming appears to exploit its viewer-ship with and through commodification product placement, branding, and credit endorsements. synergy The professedly Meaning of Cross-Market Advertising We are r severallying a position where the challenge for the 1990s should be to look for a greater understanding of the best ways, creatively, to exploit the potential for media synergy(Confer, 10)The concept of synergy is non new, however evidence suggests it has only been fully realized and exploited over the last decade. Synergy is created through the integration or combination of different but complimentary business interests, each feeding off the other. Ultimately, large corporations or conglomerates are diversifying their market interests rather than specializing. This diversification benefits the company by offering a new strata of opportunities thereby complimenting its existing functionality.An drill of this is a movie work company allying or purchasing out a major video game provider. The synergy created from such a merger allows for a film and a video game to use the same characters, story line or premise. Synergy works for two reasons. Primarily, synergy is an engine that provides cross-marketing and cross-selling opport unities, which would allow for greater sales, exceeding what would be possible from each division separately. (Hesmondhalgh, 141). Secondly, corporations also plan and design texts, in order to encourage subsidiary spin-off texts (Hesmondhalgh, 239). take down if these texts or preplanned products are not of great quality or a commercial message success, they will suave sell thus generating profit. This is because there is a pre-existing, underlying product network that has already been established through the fan base. If synergy can be classified as the the ability to keep cash flows wrong a integrated family (Klein, 148), through its internal use of cross-market production, promotion, and sales Sumner Redstones Viacom is a perfect example of synergy at work. The Viacom Empire has tapped into many markets throughout the entertainment and media industry.Viacoms major subsidiaries include nickelodeon childrens cartoon network MTV harmony network NBC television network and Pa ramount movie production company, which also runs numerous theme parks all over North America. Klein, 2000, comments on this phenomenon as synergy nirvana (160). According to Klein, synergy nirvana is attained when a conglomerate works internally to successfullychurn out related versions of the same product, like molded Play-Doh, into different shapes toys, books, theme parks, magazines, television specials, movies, candies, CDs, CD-ROMs, superstores, comics, and mega-musicals (161).Basically, synergy nirvana is the proliferation of standardized products in different packaging, through a preexisting framework of cross-market advertising which is through on a vast scale through the exploitation of many different mediums and industries in the digit of profit. Synergy is Viacoms number one marketing tool for it allows them to link the vastness of their empire together, into a culmination, dissemination and consumption of products, images, ideals, and brands.Furthermore, synergy in pr ogramming, such as SpongeBob SquarePants and The Osbournes, has evident implications for the viewer-ship. SpongeBob SquarePants The Future of Product system Nickelodeon has more children between the ages of two to eleven watching than the four major networks combined This is world-shattering in the competition for the childrens advertising market, which averages about $500 meg a year (Roman, 223). SpongeBob SquarePants is a lovable, animated sea sponge that manages to find himself in undersea trouble during either episode.The cartoon (Mittell, 18) runs every Saturday morning (Mittell, 18) on Nickelodeon and is syndicated to most major television networks due to its incredible popularity among children viewers. What started out in 1999, as a comical concept for a childrens television program, has grown seemingly overnight into a juggernaut. Nickelodeon cannot only boast that it is the number one rated program among children 2-11, but concord to Nielson ratings, 53. 7 million vi ewers tune into the show each monthincluding 22. 1 million kids 2-11, and 12. 7 million between 9-14 (Olson, blogcritics. rg).With such commercial success and an immense viewer ship, Nickelodeons SpongeBob SquarePants uses synergistic principals of massive product placement to have free rein and seep into every pore of consumer culture. SpongeBob employs Viacoms cross platform synergies to network and gain access to most childrens homes. The motivation is a give when children between the ages of 2 11 are not only watching between 24 28 hours of television a week (Roman, 74), but are responsible for either disbursal or influencing the spending of $100 billion annually (Roman, 74).This is clearly an influential and lucrative market. SpongeBob SquarePants should be the archetype for synergistic corporate product placement. With SpongeBobs insurgence into popular culture, there have been similar synergistic trends of product placement. punt for this notion is found through looking back to 2004, days before the premier of the SpongeBob SquarePants movie in New York. Paramount, another Viacom subsidiary, launched a brand new SpongeBob SquarePants amusement park theme ride to hold with the movie launch.Additionally, Burger King (also owned by Viacom), released a SpongeBob SquarePants value meal that comes with SpongeBob SquarePants plastic figurines from the movie demand all 42. Nickelodeon, the Viacom subsidiary that operates SpongeBob must not be ignored. Nickelodeon aired a 24-hour SpongeBob SquarePants Marathon that hyped up kids for the movie and forced unsuspecting parents to shell out $12 a ticket. Furthermore, during the Marathons commercial breaks, SpongeBob advised the viewers to eat SpongeBob value meals, collect all 67 figurines, and go to Paramount melodic theme Parks to try his new ride.SpongeBob has saturated the market with his yellow sponginess, which must be overpowering to any parent he can be found everywhere, in every nuance of daily li fe. Since the movie, product placements and cross-promotional marketing have skyrocketed. SpongeBob now has a line of clothing, DVD box sets, bed linens, and bowling cranks with a real tenpin set. Of course a 5 year old needs a bowling ball and set of bowling pins with SpongeBob SquarePants on them SpongeBob said so MTV Branding a Nation MTV is associated with the forces of freedom and commonwealth around the world.When the Berlin Wall came down, there were East German guards holding MTV umbrellas Sumner Redstone, CEO of Viacom MTV is known for hosting different music video programs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In 1998, MTV was watched in 273. 5 million household worldwide (Klein, 120), where it was reported, 85% of them watched everyday (Klein, 120). The station offers a host television shows, including TRL and The Osbournes, that entrance its new-fashioned audience through flashy music videos and the celebrities portrayed.MTVs popularity, since its inception in the early 19 80s, is as a self-perpetuating fully branded media integration (Klein, 44). Klein, 2000, writes From the beginning, MTV has not been just a marketing machine for products it advertises around the clock it has also been a twenty-four-hour advertisement for MTV itselfwhere viewers didnt watch individual shows, they simply watched MTVAdvertisers didnt wish to just advertise on MTV, they wanted to co-brand with the station (44). Today, advertiser branding can be seen throughout MTV.As MTV endeavors to diversify in a changing market place, video shows like TRL are twin with reality-based television shows intimately linked to celerity including The Anna Nichol Smith Show or The Osbournes. Beyond these shows lack of merit, their ideal function is product branding and fame endorsements. Even though The Osbournes are a revival to the reliable early 1950s format of the American sitcom (Gillan, 55), I cannot fathom that product branding, product placement, and celebrity endorsements were as prevalent on national television in the 1950s as they are in modern programming.Within the first ten minutes of the show, the audience can blatantly see a mansion full of expensive electronics, furniture, and cars at a closer look, the brand names facing the camera and are a part of the Viacom conglomerate in a myriad of ways. All The Osbournes offer the predominately jejune audience (other than a few less brain cells) is copious amounts of product branding though celebrity endorsement. Product branding on MTV is a big issue.Much like the red carpet on Oscar night, where the predominant question on everyones lips is who are you wearing? MTV offers its audience the same intellectual stimulation, specially when all that its audience sees are hella-cool rock stars and all the bling they wear throughout their music videos, interviews, and award ceremonies. No wonder the Y generation is all about over consumption and bad taste. As we have entered the 21st Century, multi-media con glomerates have risen to great power in our society. They offer the consumer the media and entertainment that they desire.However through internal synergistic networks, these companies, such as Viacom, can link the lucrative childrens market or the 24-hour advertising nature of MTV, to all other aspects of their company. As consumers, we neglect what these companies are telling us to do to consume in order to watch our favourite programs. We refuse to witness how the realities of consumerism, and sickening nature that these corporations check off the very artifacts and images that we relate to and enjoy for their own personal profit.